Libres de humo: efectividad de un programa de cesación tabáquica en un Centro de Salud Comunitario de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Smoke-free: effectiveness of a smoking cessation program in a Community Health Center of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires

Introducción. El consumo de tabaco representa un importante desafío para la salud pública debido a su alta incidencia y mortalidad, y es el principal factor de riesgo modificable para desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. La Residencia de Medicina General y Familiar del Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez desarrolló un programa de cesación tabáquica en el Centro de Salud y Acción Comunitaria N◦34, que forma parte desde 2012 del Programa de Prevención y Control del Tabaquismo del Ministerio de Salud del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objetivo. Documentar los resultados de la eficacia de este programa y explorar las variables relacionadas con la probabilidad de éxito y recaída. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo, de corte transversal analítico, con datos obtenidos de historias clínicas electrónicas entre 2017 y 2020. Fueron incluidos los pacientes que consultaron al menos en dos ocasiones al programa de cesación tabáquica y establecieron un día D al menos 30 días antes del abandono del consumo de tabaco. La eficacia terapéutica fue definida como haber permanecido al menos seis meses sin fumar, y la recaída, como el reinicio de consumo del tabaco luego de haber logrado 24 horas de abstinencia con fecha posterior al día D.Resultados.De 59 pacientes, 24 (40,7 %) lograron la eficacia terapéutica, de los cuales 5 (20,8 %) presentaron recaídas.De los 35 pacientes que no lograron alcanzar la etapa de mantenimiento, 30 (85,7 %) recayeron durante las primeras ocho semanas. El sexo masculino y el consumo de tabaco superior a 20 paquetes-año mostraron una mayor correlación con las recaídas. Conclusiones. El programa presentó una eficacia terapéutica del 40,7 % en el periodo evaluado. Se encontraron asociaciones entre una mayor eficacia terapéutica y ciertas características de los pacientes, pero se requieren más estudios para confirmar esta hipótesis. (AU)

Background. Tobacco consumption represents an important challenge for public health due to its high incidence and mortality and is the main modifiable risk factor for developing chronic non-communicable diseases. The General and Family Medicine Residence of the Hospital General de Agudos Dr. Teodoro Álvarez developed a smoking cessation program in Health and Community Action Centre N◦34. Since 2012 it has been part of the Program for the Prevention and Control of Smoking of the Ministry of Health of the Government of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Objective. To document the results of the effectiveness of the program and explore the variables related to the probability of success and relapse. Materials and methods. Quantitative, analytical cross-sectional study, with data obtained from electronic medical records between 2017 and 2020. Patients who consulted the smoking cessation program at least twice and established a D-day 30 days before quitting tobacco consumption were included. Therapeutic efficacy was defined as having remained at least six months without smoking, and relapse, as the resumption of tobacco consumption after having achieved 24 hours of abstinence with a date after day D. Results. Of 59 patients, 24 (40.7 %) achieved therapeutic efficacy, of which 5 (20.8 %) presented relapses. Among the35 patients who failed to reach the maintenance stage, 30 (85.7 %) relapsed during the first eight weeks. Male sex and tobacco consumption of more than 20 pack per year showed a greater correlation with relapses. Conclusions.The program presented a therapeutic efficacy of 40.7 % in the evaluated period. Associations were found between greater therapeutic efficacy and certain patient characteristics but more studies are required to confirm this hypothesis. (AU)

Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices, Perceptions and Expectations of Clients Attending a Primary Care Based Tobacco Cessation Clinic in Trinidad / Conocimiento, Actitudes, Prácticas, Percepciones y Expectativas de los Clientes que Asisten a una Clínica de Cesación del Tabaquismo en el Contexto de la Atención Primaria en Trinidad

ABSTRACT Objectives: The study aimed to determine the demographics of the clients attending a primary care based tobacco cessation clinic, examine the characteristics regarding current tobacco use among clinic attendees, identify the methods associated with previous successful quit attempts and attitudes towards and perceptions regarding the role of pharmacotherapy in tobacco cessation and determine current levels of tobacco use among attendees, reasons for successes and relapses, satisfaction with the service provided and suggestions for improvement. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted at the Arima Health Facility during the period March 1st to June 30th 2013 using both quantitative and qualitative measures. Results: A total of 31 patients were interviewed during the study period. Amongst smokers who tried to quit cigarette smoking in the past, Willpower (n = 11) was cited as the most common method that assisted in smoking cessation. However, amongst clinic attendees the most popular perceived methods for promoting tobacco cessation amongst respondents was joining a Tobacco Cessation clinic (n = 23), followed by Quitting on your own (n = 13) and seeing a Physician (n = 8). Significant gaps in knowledge exist regarding the role and availability of pharmacologic agents in promoting tobacco cessation, 22.6% of respondents were not using tobacco at the time of the study and 96.7% of all patients attending this clinic would recommend it to a friend or co-worker who is trying to quit using tobacco. Conclusion: This study highlights the knowledge, attitudes, practices, perceptions and expectations of clients accessing care at this tobacco cessation clinic in order to obtain a better understanding of the demographics of the clients and provide feedback on what is being done to date. It is hoped that the baseline findings of this study will serve a useful purpose for improving the quality of care by addressing deficiencies in knowledge and meeting the expectations of the clients. The results will enable future efforts geared towards assessing the effectiveness of the interventions provided at this clinic.

RESUMEN Objetivos: El estudio estuvo encaminado a determinar la demografía de los clientes que asisten a una clínica de cesación del tabaquismo en el contexto de la atención primaria, examinar las características relativas al consumo actual de tabaco entre los asistentes a la clínica, identificar los métodos asociados con el éxito previo de los intentos por abandonar su consumo, identificar las actitudes y percepciones sobre el papel de la farmacoterapia en el cese del tabaquismo, y determinar los niveles actuales de consumo de tabaco entre los asistentes, las razones de los éxitos y las recaídas, la satisfacción con el servicio prestado y sugerencias para la mejoría. Métodos: En el Centro de Salud de Arima, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal durante el período del 1ero. de marzo al 30 de junio de 2013, haciendo uso de mediciones tanto cuantitativas como cualitativas. Resultados: Se entrevistó un total de 31 pacientes durante el período de estudio. Entre los fumadores que trataron de dejar el hábito de fumar cigarrillos en el pasado, la fuerza de voluntad (n = 11) fue citada como el método que más comúnmente ayudó a abandonar el hábito de fumar. Sin embargo, entre los asistentes a la clínica, los métodos percibidos como más populares para promover el cese del tabaquismo fueron, en primer lugar, el incorporarse a una Clínica de Cesación del Tabaquismo (n = 23), seguido por dejar de fumar por su cuenta (n = 13), y por último, ver a un médico (n = 8). Existen lagunas significativas en el conocimiento sobre el papel y la disponibilidad de los agentes farmacológicos en la promoción del cese del tabaquismo. El 22.6% de los encuestados no estaban consumiendo tabaco en el momento del estudio, y el 96.7% de todos los pacientes que asistían a esta clínica, la recomendarían a un amigo o compañero de trabajo que estuviera tratando de dejar de consumir tabaco. Conclusión: Este estudio resalta los conocimientos, actitudes, prácticas, percepciones y expectativas de los clientes que acceden a la atención en esta clínica de cesación del tabaquismo, con el fin de obtener una mejor comprensión de la demografía de los clientes y proporcionar retroalimentación sobre lo que se está haciendo hasta la fecha. Se espera que las conclusiones de referencia de este estudio sirvan para un propósito útil que permita mejorar la calidad de la atención, abordando las deficiencias en el conocimiento y satisfaciendo las expectativas de los clientes. Los resultados permitirán futuros esfuerzos orientados a evaluar la efectividad de las intervenciones proporcionadas en esta clínica.

Epidemiology of smoking in the rural area of a medium-sized city in Southern Brazil / Epidemiologia do tabagismo em zona rural de um município de médio porte no Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of smoking and associated factors among rural residents. METHODS This is a population-based, cross-sectional study of 1,519 individuals carried out in 2016. We randomly selected 24 of the 50 census tracts that make up the eight rural districts of the city of Pelotas, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. All individuals aged 18 years or more living in the randomly selected households were eligible. Smokers were all those who smoked ≥ 1 cigarette/day for at least one month or declared that they had stopped smoking for less than one month. The independent variables included socioeconomic, demographic, behavioral, and health characteristics. We investigated age of onset, duration of addiction, number of cigarettes smoked/day, pack-years, and types of cigarettes consumed. Poisson regression was performed to calculate the adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The prevalence of smoking was 16.6% (95%CI 13.6-20.0), and it was twice as high in men in relation to women (PR = 1.99, 95%CI 1.44-2.74), in socioeconomic class D or E in relation to class A or B (PR = 2.23, 95%CI 1.37-3.62), and in those who considered their health poor or very poor in relation those with good or very good health (PR = 2.02, 95%CI 1.33-3.08). It was also higher in persons aged 30-59 years (compared to those aged < 30 years), with 5-8 years of education level (compared to those with ≥ 9 years), and with positive screening for alcohol-related disorder. Prevalence was lower among individuals who were overweight or obese than in those with normal weight. Smoking began on average at 16.9 years, with an average consumption of approximately 14 cigarettes/day and mean pack-years of 22 packs/year. The paper hand-rolled cigarette was the most consumed (57.6%). CONCLUSIONS Approximately one in six adults in rural Pelotas is a current smoker. The findings show the existence of social inequalities related to smoking addiction. Actions to prevent and control smoking should continue to be stimulated, especially in the most vulnerable subgroups.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de tabagismo e fatores associados entre moradores de zona rural. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base populacional realizado com 1.519 indivíduos, em 2016. Foram aleatoriamente selecionados 24 dos 50 setores censitários que compõem os oito distritos rurais do município de Pelotas, RS. Indivíduos ≥ 18 anos residentes nos domicílios aleatoriamente selecionados eram elegíveis. Foram considerados tabagistas aqueles que fumavam ≥ 1 cigarro/dia há pelo menos um mês ou que declararam haver parado de fumar há menos de um mês. As variáveis independentes incluíram características socioeconômicas, demográficas, comportamentais e de saúde. Foram investigados: idade de início, duração da adição, número de cigarros fumados/dia, carga tabágica e tipos de cigarros consumidos. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para cálculo das razões de prevalências (RP) ajustadas e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%). RESULTADOS A prevalência de tabagismo foi 16,6% (IC95% 13,6-20,0), sendo duas vezes maior nos homens do que nas mulheres (RP = 1,99; IC95% 1,44-2,74), na classe econômica D ou E do que na A ou B (RP = 2,23; IC95% 1,37-3,62) e naqueles que consideraram sua saúde ruim ou muito ruim, comparados àqueles que a consideraram muito boa ou boa (RP = 2,02; IC95% 1,33-3,08). Também foi superior em pessoas com 30-59 anos (comparadas àquelas com < 30 anos), com 5-8 anos de escolaridade (comparados às pessoas com ≥ 9 anos), e com rastreio positivo para transtorno relacionado ao consumo de álcool. A prevalência foi menor entre indivíduos com sobrepeso ou obesidade, em comparação aos eutróficos. O tabagismo iniciou em média aos 16,9 anos, com consumo médio de cerca de 14 cigarros/dia e carga tabágica média de 22 maços/ano. O cigarro de papel enrolado à mão foi o mais consumido (57,6%). CONCLUSÕES Aproximadamente um em cada seis adultos da zona rural de Pelotas é fumante atual. Os achados evidenciam a existência de desigualdades sociais relacionadas à adição tabágica. Ações de prevenção e controle do tabagismo devem continuar sendo estimuladas, sobretudo nos subgrupos mais vulneráveis.

Abandonment of nicotine dependence treatment: A cohort study / Abandono do tratamento da dependência à nicotina: Um estudo de coorte

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Non-adherence to treatment is one of the hindering factors in the process of smoking cessation. This study aimed to compare sociodemographic characteristics, smoking status and motivation among smokers who maintained or abandoned treatment to stop smoking, and to analyze associations between sociodemographic factors and smoking. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cohort study on 216 smokers who were attended at healthcare units in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. METHODS: The instruments used were the Fagerström, URICA and CAGE questionnaires. Data from the initial evaluation was analyzed using the two-proportion test (α < 0.05). The patients were monitored for six months and those who abandoned treatment were accounted for. Bivariate analysis was conducted, using crude prevalence ratios and 5% significance level (P < 0.05), with abandonment of treatment as the outcome variable. Associations with P < 0.20 were selected for multiple robust Poisson regression (RPa). RESULTS: The abandonment rate was 34.26%. Males and individuals in the 20-39 age group, in employment, with low motivation, with shorter time smoking and lower tobacco intake predominated in the dropout group. In the final model, gender (RPa 1.47; 95% CI: 1.03-2.10) and age group (RPa 3.77; 95% CI: 1.47-9.67) remained associated with abandonment. CONCLUSION: Males and individuals in the 20-39 age group, in employment, with low motivation, with shorter time smoking and lower tobacco intake more frequently abandoned the treatment. Male gender and younger age group were associated with abandonment of nicotine dependence treatment.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: A não adesão ao tratamento é um dos fatores dificultadores do processo de cessação do tabagismo. Este estudo objetiva comparar características sociodemográficas, status do tabagismo e motivação entre fumantes que abandonaram ou não o tratamento do tabagismo e analisar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e uso do tabaco. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo de coorte, com 216 fumantes atendidos em unidades de saúde de Cuiabá, MT. MÉTODOS: Instrumentos: foram utilizados os questionários Fagerström, URICA e CAGE. Dados da avaliação inicial foram analisados via teste de duas proporções (α < 0.05) e os pacientes foram acompanhados por seis meses, contabilizando-se os que abandonaram o tratamento. Foi realizada análise bivariada, utilizando a razão de prevalência bruta, com nível de significância 5% (P < 0,05); tendo como desfecho o abandono do tratamento. As associações com P < 0,20 foram selecionadas para a regressão de Poisson múltipla robusta (RPa). RESULTADOS: A taxa de abandono foi de 34,26%. O predomínio no grupo abandono foi do gênero masculino, na faixa etária 20-39 anos, trabalhadores, com baixa motivação, menor tempo de fumo e de carga tabágica. No modelo final, gênero (RPa 1,47; IC 95% 1,03-2,10) e faixa etária (RPa 3,77; IC 95% 1,47-9,67) permaneceram associados ao abandono. CONCLUSÃO: Indivíduos do gênero masculino, na faixa etária de 20-39, que trabalham, com baixa motivação, menor tempo de fumo e de carga tabágica abandonaram mais o tratamento. Gênero masculino e faixa etária jovem estão associados ao abandono do tratamento da dependência à nicotina.

Estudo da relação entre o polimorfismo VNTR MAOA-u e o tabagismo em trabalhadores da Diretoria de Administração do Campus (Dirac), unidade da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Study of the relationship between VNTR polymorphism MAP-u and smoking workers of the Board of Directors of the Campus (Dirac) unit of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

O tabagismo representa um problema de Saúde Publica e é considerado a principal causa de morte evitável no mundo. A nicotina presente no tabaco estimula a liberação de dopamina, que é o neurotransmissor chave na dependência tabágica, por seu papel nos mecanismos de recompensa cerebral. Desta forma, genes que regulam a concentração da dopamina podem ter influência no comportamento do tabagismo, como o gene que codifica a enzima MAO, responsável pela degradação de dopamina. No presente estudo,foi verificada a relação entre o polimorfismo na região promotora do gene MAOA (VNTR MAOA-u) e o tabagismo. Este estudo foi do tipo transversal com a participação de 121 homens, trabalhadores da Diretoria de Administração do Campus (Dirac), unidade da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (74 nunca fumantes, 26 ex-fumantes e 21 fumantes atuais). O polimorfismo foi determinado na amostra populacional pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). As análises estatísticas não revelaram associação significativa entre o polimorfismo VNTR MAOA-u e o status tabágico, bem como relação com as características do comportamento do tabagismo (tempo de fumo, idade de início, número de recaídas, idade que parou de fumar, grau de dependência nicotínica – FNTD e número de cigarros consumidos por dia). Dada a importância do tema, considera-se importante a realização de futuros estudos com maior tamanho amostral para confirmação dos resultados encontrados e maior esclarecimento sobre os mecanismos genéticos que podem contribuir com a susceptibilidade à dependência ao tabaco.

Smoking is a public health problem and is considered the leading cause of preventable death in the world. The nicotine present in tobacco stimulates the release of dopamine, thekey neurotransmitter in nicotine dependence, by role in the brain's reward mechanisms. Thus, genes that regulate the concentration of dopamine can influence the smoking behavior, as the gene encoding the MAO enzyme responsible for the dopamine degradation. In the present study, we detected the relationship between a polymorphism inthe promoter region of the MAOA gene (MAOA VNTR-u) and smoking. This study wascross-sectional with the participation of 121 men, workers of Diretoria de Administraçãodo Campus (Dirac), unidade da Função Oswaldo Cruz (74 never smokers, 26 former smokers and 21 current smokers). The polymorphism was determined in the sample population by the technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis revealed no significant association between the polymorphism MAOA-u VNTR and thes moking status as well as relationship with the smoking behavior characteristics (duration of smoking, age at smoking iniciation, number of relapses, age stopped smoking, degree of nicotine dependence - FNTD and the number of cigarettes smoked per day). Given thei mportance of the issue, it is considered important to conduct further studies with larger sample size to confirm the results found and more information about the genetic mechanisms that may contribute to susceptibility to tobacco addiction.

Programa de evaluación y control del tabaquismo en funcionarios del hospital doctor Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar, Chile / Program of evaluation and control of smoking in hospital staff at Hospital Doctor Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar, Chile

El tabaquismo, mantiene alta prevalencia a nivel de la población general, lo que se manifiesta también en los funcionarios de la salud en nuestro país. Objetivos: Se planificó un programa antitabaco para los funcionarios del Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke, Viña del Mar con el objetivo de realizar un diagnóstico de la situación, evaluar a los funcionarios comprometidos y realizar acciones programáticas orientadas al cese. Material y método: Se encuestaron entre marzo y junio del 2013, 551 funcionarios en forma directa, de los cuales, los que fumaban y manifestaron su deseo a dejarlo, se les aplico 4 test (Fagestrom, Richmond, Goldberg y De los porqué) y se les ofreció integrarse a un programa de cesación con terapia farmacológica y no farmacológica. Resultados: Se pesquisaron 249 fumadores (45 por ciento), de los cuales 158 (63,4 por ciento) desean dejar de fumar. Las tasas más altas fueron de los profesionales no de la salud (70 por ciento) y las más bajas de los médicos (18 por ciento). Se pesquiso un 20 por ciento de fumadores severos (>15 al día) y una gran motivación al cese. Hasta Agosto 2014, 60 funcionarios (38 por ciento de los que deseaban dejar de fumar) , estaban en programa, los cuales se evaluaron con ficha clínica “ad hoc”, test de Fagestrom, Richmond, De los por qué y Goldberg (depresión). Las modalidades de terapia fueron consejería individual y farmacológica con vareniclina y/o chicles de nicotina, de acuerdo a flujograma que consideraba grados de adicción y motivación. Hasta agosto /2014, 10 funcionarios habían recibido terapia farmacológica, de los cuales 6 completaban 6 meses de cesación, 2 abandonos y 2 recaídas. Conclusiones: Fue posible realizar un programa de cesación tabáquica en funcionarios hospitalarios de acuerdo a lo programado...

Smoking, maintaining a level high prevalence in the general population, which is also evident in the subjects working health in our country. Objectives: A smoking cessation program was planned for subjects working Dr. Gustavo Fricke Hospital, Vina del Mar in order to make a diagnosis of the situation, evaluate and make subjects working committed actions aimed at cessation program. Material and method: They were surveyed between March and June 2013, 551 subjects working directly, of which, those who smoked and expressed his desire to leave, they applied four tests (Fagestrom, Richmond, Goldberg and “Of the why”) and offered integrated a cessation program with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy. Results: 249 smokers (45 percent), of which 158 (63.4 percent) want to stop smoking. The highest rates were among non-health professionals (70 percent) and the lowest of physicians 18 percent. 20 percent of heavy smokers (> 15 per day) and a great motivation to terminate. Until August 2014, 60 staff (38 percent of those who wanted to stop smoking), were in the program, which were evaluated with clinical record "ad hoc" test Fagestrom, Richmond, “Of the why” and Goldberg (depression). Modalities therapy, were individually counseling and pharmacological therapy with varenicline and / or nicotine gum, according to flowchart considered degrees of addiction and motivation. Until August / 2014, 10 staff had received drug therapy, of which 6 completed 6 months of cessation, 2dropouts and 2 relapses. Conclusions: It was possible to make a smoking cessation program in hospital officials as scheduled...

Tabaquismo en estudiantes de medicina de La Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala / Smoking in medical students at the University of San Carlos de Guatemala

Introducción. La formación académica de médicos entabaquismo es factor protector de la adicción, contribuye al rol modélico formando competencias para la prevención y control en la práctica profesional. Objetivos. Elaborar y validar una unidad de aprendizajesobre tabaquismo para su inclusión en el proceso formativo de la carrera de médico y cirujano, basada en características, conocimientos, actitudes, percepciones y factores protectoresy de riesgo de la adicción en los estudiantes de medicina...

Impacto do programa de apoio ao tabagista de um municipio do sul de Minas Gerais / The impact of the supporting smoking cessation program in a county from the south Minas Gerais / Impacto del programa de apoyo al fumador en un municipio del sur de Minas Gerais

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do Programa de Tratamento do Tabagismo de um ambulatório municipal, no sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil, na cessação de fumar. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa, descritiva e exploratória. Foram identificadas as características sociodemográficas, a história do tabagismo e a presença de comorbidades de 35 tabagistas, entrevistados nos domicílios. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Em relação aos resultados quantitativos, 62,9 por cento dos usuários começaram a fumar antes dos 15 anos e 60 por cento apresentavam alta dependência. Em relação à cessação do tabagismo, 82,9 por cento pararam de fumar durante o ano de tratamento; após 18 meses, 58,6 por cento não apresentaram recaídas. Na análise qualitativa dos dados, foram identificadas oito categorias de análise: história tabágica; tabaco como forma de inclusão e de vínculo social; tabaco como fator de liberação das tensões da vida diária e de mecanismo compensatório; processo de mudança do hábito de fumar; conscientização do tabagismo como problema de saúde; fatores de sucesso para a cessação de fumar; recaída como fator de insucesso e cessação de fumar como resgate da autoestima. Este estudo demonstra a importância da implantação de programas anti-tabagismo pelo governo municipal, resultando em grande impacto na cessação do hábito de fumar dos usuários dos serviços públicos de saúde...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the Tobacco Treatment Program at a community clinic in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil, for smoking cessation. A qualitative and quantitative, descriptive and exploratory research was conducted. Were identified sociodemographic characteristics, history of smoking and comorbidities of 35 smokers, interviewed in households. The interviews were subjected to content analysis. In relation to the quantitative results, 62.9 percent of users started smoking before 15 years and 60 percent had high dependency. Regarding smoking cessation, 82.9 percent had quit smoking during treatment and after 18 months, 58,6 percent had no relapse. In qualitative data analysis eight categories were identified: smoking history; tobacco as a means of inclusion and social bonding; tobacco as the release factor from the stresses of daily living and compensatory mechanism, changing process of the smoking habit; awareness of smoking as a health problem; relapse as a failure factor and smoking cessation as a self-esteem release; successful factors for smoking cessation. This study demonstrates the importance of anti-smoking programs implementation by the municipal government, resulting in a significant impact on the cessation of smoking users of public health services...

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto del Programa de Tratamiento del Tabaquismo de una clínica municipal, en el sur de Minas Gerais, Brasil, para dejar de fumar. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria. Se identificaron las características sociodemográficas, antecedentes de tabaquismo y las comorbilidades de 35 fumadores, entrevistados en su casa. Las encuestas fueron sometidas al análisis del contenido. En relación a los resultados cuantitativos obtenidos, el 62,9 por ciento de los usuarios comenzaron a fumar antes de los 15 años y el 60 por ciento presentaba alta dependencia. En cuanto a dejar de fumar, el 82,9 por ciento había dejado de fumar durante el tratamiento; después de 18 meses, el 58,6 por ciento no presentaron recaídas. En el análisis cualitativo de los datos fueron identificados ocho categorías de análisis: historia de fumadores; tabaco como forma de inclusión y de vínculo social; tabaco como factor de liberación de las tensiones de la vida diaria y del mecanismo compensatorio; proceso de cambio em el hábito de fumar; concientización del tabaco como problema en la salud; fatores de éxito para dejar de fumar; recaída como factor de fracaso y cesación de fumar como rescate de la autoestima. Este estudio demuestra la importancia de la aplicación de los programas de lucha contra el tabaquismo implementado por el gobierno municipal, resultando un gran impacto sobre el abandono del consumo de tabaco de los usuarios de los servicios de salud pública...

An assessment of the effectiveness of tobacco control measures on behavior changes related to tobacco use among adolescents and young adults in a district in Sri Lanka.

Introduction: Sri Lanka became a signatory to the WHO Frame Work Convention on Tobacco Control in September 2003, and this was ratified in November 2003. With a view to reduce the use of tobacco in Sri Lanka, the National Authority on Tobacco and Alcohol Act (NATA) No. 27 of 2006 was implemented. Aim: To assess the behavior changes related to tobacco use among adolescents and young adults following exposure to tobacco control measures were implemented by NATA. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted on 42 adolescent (aged 13-19 years) and 156 young adult (aged 20-39 years) men living in Anuradhapura Divisional Secretary area in Sri Lanka. Cases (current quitters) and controls (current smokers) were compared to ascertain the outcome following the exposure to tobacco control measures. A self-administered questionnaire and focus group discussions were used to ascertain the exposure status in cases and controls. Confounding was controlled by stratification and randomization. Univariate analysis was performed by Backward Stepwise (Likelihood Ratio) method. Results: Among 198 respondents, 66 (27.3% adolescents and 72.7% young adults) were quitters, while 132 smokers (18.2% adolescents and 81.8% young adults) were current smokers. Exposure to the anti-smoking media messages revealed that TV was the strongest media that motivated smokers to quit smoking. Majority (66%) of cases and control were not exposed to tobacco promotion advertisements, while 47% of the cases and 50% of the control had never seen tobacco advertisements during community events. All cases (66) as well as 89% (118) of the control had not noticed competitions or prizes sponsored by tobacco industry during last year ( P = 0.13). Conclusion: Tobacco control measures implemented by NATA had a favorable influence on behavior change related to smoking among quitters and current smokers.

Intention to quit among Indian tobacco users: Findings from International Tobacco Control Policy evaluation India pilot survey.

Introduction: Tobacco users face barriers not just in quitting, but also in thinking about quitting. The aim of this study was to understand factors encouraging intention to quit from the 2006 International Tobacco Control Policy (TCP) Evaluation India Pilot Study Survey. Materials and Methods: A total of 764 adult respondents from urban and rural areas of Maharashtra and Bihar were surveyed through face-to-face individual interviews, with a house-to-house approach. Dependent variable was "intention to quit tobacco." Independent variables were demographic variables, peer influence, damage perception, receiving advice to quit, and referral to cessation services by healthcare professionals and exposure to anti-tobacco messages. Logistic regression model was used with odds ratio adjusted for location, age, gender, and marital status for statistical analysis. Results: Of 493 tobacco users, 32.5% intended to quit. More numbers of users who were unaware about their friends' tobacco use intended to quit compared to those who were aware (adjusted OR = 8.06, 95% CI = 4.58-14.19). Higher numbers of users who felt tobacco has damaged their health intended to quit compared to those who did not feel that way (adjusted OR = 5.62, 95% CI = 3.53-8.96). More numbers of users exposed to anti-tobacco messages in newspapers/magazines (adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.02-3.03), restaurants (adjusted OR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.37-4.46), radio (adjusted OR=4.84, 95% CI = 3.01-7.78), cinema halls (adjusted OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 5.31-15.75), and public transportation (adjusted OR = 10.58, 95% = 5.90-18.98) intended to quit compared to unexposed users. Conclusion: Anti-tobacco messages have positive influence on user's intentions to quit.

Tobacco use and cessation counseling in India-data from the Global Health Professions Students Survey, 2005-09.

Context: Tobacco use by health professionals reflects the failure of healthcare systems in protecting not only beneficiaries of the system but also those involved in health care delivery. Aim: The aim of this study was to report findings from the Global Health Professions Students Survey (GHPSS) conducted in medical, dental, nursing and pharmacy schools in India. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Indian dental and medical schools (in 2009), nursing (in 2007), and pharmacy (in 2008) schools. Materials and Methods: Anonymous, self-administered GHPSS questionnaire covering demographics, tobacco use prevalence, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure, desire to quit smoking and training received to provide cessation counseling to patients was used. Statistical Analysis: Proportions and prevalence were computed using SUDAAN and SPSS 15.0. Results: Current cigarette smoking and other tobacco use ranged from 3.4-13.4% and 4.5-11.6% respectively, in the four health professional schools, with the highest numbers for medical schools and males. Enforcement of smoking ban in medical schools was low (53%) compared to nursing (86.4%), pharmacy (85.5%), and dental (90.8%) schools. Ninety percent students thought health professionals have a role in giving smoking cessation advice to their patients. Three out of five current smokers wanted to quit. However, one out of two reported receiving help/advice to quit. Although all expressed the need, 29.1-54.8% students received cessation training in their schools. Conclusion: Tobacco control policy, cessation training and initiatives to help students quit smoking should be undertaken.

Profile of dual tobacco users in India: An analysis from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009-10.

Introduction: Individuals who use both smoked and smokeless tobacco products (dual tobacco users) form a special group about which little is known. This group is especially relevant to India, where smokeless tobacco use is very common. The aim of this study was to characterise the profile of dual users, study their pattern of initiation to the second product, their attitudes toward quittingas well as their cessation profile. Methods and Materials: The GATS dataset for India was analyzed using SPSS; . Results: In India, dual tobacco users (42.3 million; 5.3% of all adults; 15.4% of all tobacco users) have a profile similar to that of smokers. Some 52.6% of dual users started both practices within 2 years. The most prevalent product combination was bidi-khaini (1.79%) followed by bidi-gutka (1.50%), cigarette-khaini (1.28%), and cigarette-gutka (1.22%). Among daily users, the correlation between the daily frequencies of the use of each product was very high for most product combinations. While 36.7% of dual users were interested in quitting, only 5.0% of dual users could do so. The prevalence of ex-dual users was 0.4%. Conclusion: Dual users constitute a large, high-risk group that requires special attention.

Smokeless tobacco use among patients with tuberculosis in Karnataka: The need for cessation services.

Background. India is home to the largest population of patients with tuberculosis and tobacco users in the world. Smokeless tobacco use exceeds smoking and is increasing. There is no study to date that reports smokeless tobacco use before and after the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. We assessed smokeless tobacco use among former patients of tuberculosis in Karnataka, India. Methods. We conducted a community-based, crosssectional study among 202 men, who had been diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis (mean age 48 years), selected by multistage, random sampling. Using a semi-structured interview schedule, retrospective smoking and smokeless tobacco use were captured at eight time-points before and after the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis. Results. Most patients suspended tobacco use during treatment. A high 44% prevalence of smokeless tobacco use 6 months before diagnosis was reduced to just 8% during the intensive phase of treatment and climbed to 27% 6 months after treatment. The tobacco use relapse rate 6 months after completion of treatment was higher for smokeless tobacco use (52%, 95% CI 41%–62%) than for smoking (36%, 95% CI 26%–45%). We also found that many patients who were advised to quit smoking continued using smokeless tobacco after completion of treatment. Additionally, new smokeless tobacco use was documented. Of the 11 new exclusive smokeless tobacco users, 10 shifted from smoking to smokeless tobacco use as a form of harm reduction. Conclusion. Patients with tuberculosis are advised by their doctors, at the time of diagnosis, to quit smoking. Several patients shift from smoking to smokeless tobacco use, which needs to be addressed while providing tobacco cessation services.

Tendencias en el uso de tabaco y sus factores de riesgo entre estudiantes del septimo al noveno grado de la escuela básica: estado Lara (Venezuela): encuesta mundial sobre tabaquismo en jóvenes 2000, 2004 y 2008 / Treds on tobaco use and related risk factors among students of seventh to ninth grade basic school: Lara State-Venezuela: Global youth tobacco surgery 2000, 2004 and 2008

El sistema mundial de vigilancia en salud "Encuesta Mundial sobre Tabaquismo en Jóvenes" (EMTAJOVEN) en el Estado Lara, Venezuela (2000, 2004 y 2008) entre estudiantes 7mo y 9no grado, no mostró cambios en los indicadores: a-prevalencia (P%) uso de tabaco, b-P% de primer contacto y c-P% de uso de Chimó; 20% han tenido contacto con cigarrillos y la P% de uso de Chimó osciló entre 12,2% y 19,6%. La P(%) de inicio de fumar antes de los 10 años disminuyó en varones (21,5% 16,7% y 12,1%); >80% apoyan la prohibición en lugares públicos. Menos del 50% recibió clases sobre tabaquismo. La P% de "recibir muestras gratis de cigarrillos" aumento y 80% no han tenido problema al computarlos. A pesar de barreras legales, aumento de impuestos, políticas y programas preventivos, no hubo cambios positivos, lo cual debe motivar a evaluar bajo la iniciativa de basar la salud pública en evidencia.

The world wide surveillance system "Global Youth Tobacco Survey" (GYTS) done in Lara State, Venezuela (2000, 2004 and 2008) on students grades 7 to 9, did not show changes on the following indicators: a-Prevalence (P%) use any form of tobacco, b-first contact and c-use of Chimó; 20% 10 has first contact with cigarettes; P% use of Chimó: 19,6% to 12,2% of initiation before age 10 declined among males (21.5%, 16.7% y 12.1%); support for ban on smoking in public places": unchanged (>80%). Less than 50% reported having classes on tobacco. More reported having received free cigarettes, and over 80% reported not having problems to buy cigarettes, there was not positive changes, results that should be seen as opportunity for evaluation in line with evidence based public health initiatives.

Women who smoke and stop during pregnancy: who are they? / Quem são as mulheres tabagistas que param de fumar na gestação?

OBJECTIVES: to identify factors involved in not stopping smoking in spite of being pregnant. METHODS: standardized interviews were applied to 486 pregnant women in the pre-natal clinics of four health centers in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between April 2003 and February 2004. Every time a smoker was identified, an additional interview, which included the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Fagerstrõn scale for nicotine dependence, and the Screening Questionnaire for Adult Mental Disorders, was carried out. RESULTS: the prevalence of smoking, in the initial stages of pregnancy was 21.1 percent. Most smokers presented a low level of nicotine dependence. Thirty-six percent of them stopped smoking by the first trimester of the present pregnancy without any specific medical intervention. Important differences between those who were able to stop and those who were not were alcohol intake and number of previous attempts at abstinence. Women who stopped smoking drank less during gestation. CONCLUSIONS: stopping smoking during pregnancy seems to be linked to a non-specific drive towards the well-being of the fetus. The number of previous attempts at abstinence was positively related to stopping at the beginning of pregnancy. In spite of the prevalence of the problem, there is still inadequate support for smokers in the prenatal services.

OBJETIVOS: identificar fatores envolvidos no comportamento de continuar fumando a despeito de estar grávida. MÉTODO: entrevistas padronizadas foram aplicadas a 486 mulheres grávidas nas clínicas de pré-natal de quatro centros de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de abril 2003 a fevereiro 2004. Todas as vezes que uma fumante era identificada, uma entrevista adicional foi aplicada, contendo a Escala de Edinburgh para Depressão, a escala de Fagerstron para dependência de nicotina e o Questionário de Avaliação de Doenças Mentais em adultos. RESULTADOS: a prevalência de tabagismo nos estágios iniciais da gravidez foi de 21,1 por cento. A maioria das tabagistas apresentou baixo nível de dependência de nicotina. Trinta e seis por cento das mulheres avaliadas pararam de fumar no primeiro trimestre da gestação sem qualquer intervenção médica específica. As mesmas beberam menos durante a gestação e haviam tentado parar de fumar mais vezes anteriormente. CONCLUSÕES: os resultados sugerem uma motivação inespecífica para o bem estar do concepto que envolve as duas drogas lícitas. Aquelas que pararam, tentaram mais vezes anteriormente e também diminuíram o consumo de álcool na gestação atual.

Costo efectividad de los abordajes terapéuticos para tabaco dependencia en La Paz-Bolivia / Cost effectiveness of therapeutic approaches snuff dependence on La Paz-Bolivia

Pregunta de la investigación¿Cuál será el costo efectividad de las diferentes políticas de intervención para el cese de tabaquismo, en La Paz-Bolivia en el periodo2005? Objetivos General Desarrollar un protocolo para evaluar el costo efectividad de las diferentes políticas de intervención para el cese de tabaquismo, en el municipio urbano de la ciudad de La Paz, periodo 2005.Diseño o tipo de estudio Estudio tipo económico: Este consiste en realizar un análisis comparativo de las acciones alternativas tanto en términos de costes comode beneficios, cuyo objetivo principal es evaluar el costo de oportunidad, es decir el costo real de los programas para usar lo mejor con los menores recursos. Tamaño de muestraLa muestra está constituida por aquellos decisores importantes dentro del sistema de salud del país, que representen al Sector Público(incluye seguros públicos, redes públicas de salud, dependencias de organismos del Estado, etc.), al Sector de Seguridad Social (incluyecajas de seguro, Obras Sociales, Empresas prestadoras de servicios y otras organizaciones que reciban financiamiento compulsivo poraportes y contribuciones de los trabajadores y empleadores y/o subsidios del Estado), al Sector privado (incluye empresas con y sinfines lucro que reciben aportes voluntarios de parte de sus adherentes individuales o corporativos) y al Sector Mixto (incluye aquellas organizaciones que combinan 2 o más de los sectores descritos anteriormente).Universo de trabajo Estará constituido por todos los organismos gestores de salud del país.Población objetivoTodos los protagonistas en gestión de políticas de salud anti-tabáquicas...

Research questionWhat is the cost effectiveness of different intervention policies for smoking cessation, in La Paz, Bolivia, in the year 2005? Objective To develop a protocol for assessing the cost effectiveness of different intervention policies to stop smoking in the municipality of the city of La Paz, year 2005. DesignEconomic Survey: this is a comparative analysis of alternative actions in terms of cost and benefits, whose main objective is to evaluate the opportunity cost, the actual cost of the best programs to use with fewer resources.Sample SizeThe sample consists of those key decision makers within the country’s health system, representing the public sector (including public security, public health networks, units of state agencies, etc.), the social security sector (includes health security, social work, service companies and...

Aumento da atividade física e abandono do tabagismo em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica / Increase in physical activities and smoking cessation in patients submitted to coronary artery graft surgery

Introdução: Sedentarismo e tabagismo são importantes fatores de risco modificáveis da doença cardiovascular. Pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca têm apresentado mudanças comportamentais importantes. Objetivo: Verificar o impacto da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM) em promover a diminuição do sedentarismo e abandono do tabagismo. Método: Estudo de corte com 55 pacientes, maiores de 18 anos, submetidos à CRM 12 meses antes, foram selecionados consecutivamente e entrevistados em relação a hábitos de vida. A atividade física foi caracterizada como: grupo 1: sedentário (nenhum exercício); grupo 2: moderado (exercício < 30 minutos duas vezes por semana); grupo 3: fisicamente ativo (exercício > 30 minutos três vezes por semana). Os pacientes foram caracterizados como fumantes leves, moderados e pesados quando fumavam até 10, 11 a 30 e mais de 30 cigarros por dia, respectivamente. Resultados: A média de idade do grupo foi de 66 anos. Trinta e três (60%) eram homens. No grupo, 25/55 (45,5%) pacientes praticavam exercícios antes da cirurgia e 33/55 (60%) um ano após (P = 0,096).Antes da cirurgia, 15/55 (27,3%) eram fumantes. Desses, 4 (26,7%), 7 (46,7%) e 4 (26,7%) foram classificados como fumantes leves, moderados e pesados, respectivamente. Um ano após a cirurgia 10/15 (67%) tinham abandonado o tabagismo (P = 0,002). Dos pacientes que continuaram fumando 4 (80%) eram fumantes leves e 1 (20%) era pesado. Conclusões: Pacientes submetidos à CRM apresentaram uma tendência de aumento da atividade física e maior abandono do tabagismo entre os pacientes que fumavam moderadamente

Introduction: Patients submitted to cardiac surgery have been presenting important behavioral changes in relation to sedentarism and smoking. Objectives: To verify the impact of coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in the promotion of an increase in physical activities and smoking cessation. Methods: In a Cohort study, 55 patients older than 18 years old submitted to CABG more than 12 months ago were interviewed. Physical activities were characterized as following: group 1: sedentary (no exercise); group 2: moderate (exercise for less than 30 minutes twice a week); group 3: physical active (exercise for more than 30 minutes three times a week). The patients were characterized as light, moderate and heavy smoker. Results: The average age of the group was 66 years. Thirty-three (66%) were male. Twenty five out of fifty five (45.5%) were used to practicing exercise before surgery and 33 (60%) one year after surgery (P= 0.096). Before surgery 15 (27.3%) were smokers. Four (26.7%), 7 (46.7%) and 4 (26.7%) of these were classified as light, moderate and heavy smokers, respectively. One year after surgery 10/15 (67%) had stopped smoking (P<0,05). Four (80%) of these continued smoking. were lightsmokers and 1 (20%) was heavy smokers. Conclusions: Patients submitted to CABG surgery increase physical activities and smoking cessation in late pos-operative period. There is a major cessation in the group that smokes moderately

Hábito tabáquico en médicos de las provincias de Talca y Linares / Smoking in physicians of the provinces of Talca and Linares

Objetivos: conocer aspectos descriptivos epidemiológicos del hábito tabáquico en médicos de las provincias de Talca y Linares. Método: Descriptivo transversal, aplicando como instrumento una encuesta a un N de 122 médicos cuya residencia o lugar de trabajo se encontraban en las provincias de Talca y Linares. Resultados: De la muestra compuesta por 42 mujeres y 80 hombres, en su mayoría médicos generales, un 36 por ciento se declaró actualmente fumador y un 64 por ciento no fumador. La prevalencia histórica del hábito en la muestra estudiada, es decir, la suma de los médicos que actualmente fuman y los que antes fumaban resultó ser del 59 por ciento. La percepción de los fumadores de que el hábito es dañino para su salud es de un 95 por ciento y han intentado suspender el hábito un 72 por ciento de ellos. De los 78 no fumadores, 28 (36 por ciento) eran fumadores y la razón más frecuente para suspender el hábito fue la salud.

Tabaquismo en académicos, no académicos y estudiantes de la Universidad de Concepción / Prevalence of smoking among academic, non-academic workers and students of the Universidad de Concepción

Background: Effective smoking cessation campaigns require as baseline, precise estimations of smoking habits in different populations. Aim: To assess the prevalence of smoking in academic, non-academics workers and student of the University of Concepción. Material and methods: In a random and stratified sample of 272 workers (including academics) and 1146 students, a previously validated, self administered questionnaire about smoking was applied. Daily smoking was defined as smoking seven or more cigarettes per week and occasional smoking as smoking less than seven cigarettes per week. Results: The prevalence of smoking was 23 percent among academics, 34 percent among non-academic workers and 44 percent among students. Nineteen percent of men and 16 percent of women were occasional smokers; 23 percent of men and 25 percent of women were daily smokers. Students started smoking at 15 ñ 2 years old and workers did so at 18 ñ 3 years old. The grater influence about smoking came from parents. Workers from the administrative services and from the natural sciences faculty had the higher prevalence of the habit. The total annual cost of smoking was $33,000,000 (US$62,000). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking at the University of Concepción is higher among students than workers. Quitting programs are urgently needed